In this project, the smart grid research team at York University will develop the engineering tools, i.e., modeling, simulation, design, and optimization, required for studying the impacts of adopting full battery-based electric city and school buses on utility grids. In collaboration with the project industry partners, the developed tools will be utilized to: 1) quantify the impacts of implementing electric bus systems on local distribution networks and bulk electricity systems, and 2) identify and evaluate the potential energy conservation barriers and technical best practices for efficient electrification of transit bus fleets in Ontario.